James R. (Jim) Irons is the Director of the Earth Sciences Division . In this capacity he manages a staff of over 200 civil servants and over 1200 people not in the civil service, all dedicated to studying the Earth as an integrated system that includes the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, cryosphere, and geosphere. The Division operates as a component of the Sciences and Exploration Directorate where we collaborate on interdisciplinary research with the Astrophysics Science, Heliophysics Science, and Solar System Exploration Divisions. The Earth Sciences Division focuses on the observation of the Earth from space, on developing and applying models that describe and predict how the Earth works as an integrated system, on the collection of supporting data in the field and from airborne sensors, and on the application of our research for societal benefit. Jim is also the NASA Landsat 8 Project Scientist. Prior to 2007, Jim worked 28 years as a physical scientist in the Biospheric Sciences Branch where he served as the Landsat 7 Deputy Project Scientist beginning in 1992. He then served as the Associate Deputy Director for Atmospheres from 2007 to 2013, as the Deputy Director for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences in 2014, and as the Deputy Director of the Earth Sciences Division from 2015 to 2018. Jim received his B.Sc. degree in environmental resources management in 1976 and the M.Sc. degree in agronomy in 1979 from the Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. degree in agronomy in 1993 from the University of Maryland College Park.
5/2018
-
Present
Director of the Earth Sciences Division
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD James R. (Jim) Irons is the Director of the Earth Sciences Division. In this capacity he manages a staff of 200 civil servants and over 1200 people not in the civil service, all dedicated to studying the Earth as an integrated system that includes the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, cryosphere, and geosphere. The Division operates as a component of the Sciences and Exploration Directorate where we collaborate on interdisciplinary research with the Astrophysics Science, Heliophysics Science, and Solar System Exploration Divisions. The Earth Sciences Division focuses on the observation of the Earth from space, on developing and applying models that describe and predict how the Earth works as an integrated system, on the collection of supporting data in the field and from airborne sensors, and on the application of our research for societal benefit.
4/1999
-
Present
Landsat 8 Project Scientist
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD The Landsat 8 Project Scientist ensures the scientific integrity of the Landsat 8 mission (known as the Landsat Data Continuity Mission before launch) in collaboration with NASA's interagency partner in the Landsat program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the Department of the Interior. Prior to launch and in-orbit commissioning, the Project Scientist worked closely with the NASA GSFC Landsat Data Continuity (LDCM) Project Office through all phases of mission formulation and development. Tasks included specifying mission requirements, source evaluation of instrument proposals, participating in Project reviews, and leading public engagement and communications. Since launch and commissioning the Project Scientist works closely with the USGS to ensure that mission operations meet scientific requirements, serves on an instrument Performance Evaluation Board, and co-chairs the Landsat Science Team convened by the USGS.
10/2014
-
5/2018
Deputy Director of the Earth Sciences Division
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD The Deputy Director of the Earth Sciences Division (ESD) participates jointly with the Director of ESD in managing all aspects of Division responsibilities, including scientific research planning, concept development for new missions, supervision of staff, budget and workforce planning, and, in the Director's absence, may act with full authority in the management of the Division. The ESD provides scientific leadership to achieve NASA's strategic goals in Earth science studies (biosphere, atmospheric, oceanic, geologic processes and their interactions) through the analysis, interpretation, and application of data obtained from instruments from space complimented by airborne, ground-based, and laboratory measurements.
10/2013
-
12/2014
Deputy Director for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences, Earth Science Division
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD The Deputy Director for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences is responsible for planning, leading, directing, implementing and assessing programs and activities dedicated to exploring and understanding the Earth's hydrosphere and biosphere, and the linkages between the oceans, land, atmosphere, and life on Earth. The Deputy Director is responsible for overall management of the laboratories pursuing studies in the Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences including organizational management, personnel, facilities and resources.
6/2007
-
9/2013
Associate Deputy Director for Atmospheres, Earth Sciences Division
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD The Associate Deputy Director for Atmospheres provided administrative and technical supervision to the atmospheric science laboratories at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in support of the Deputy Director for Atmospheres. These laboratories advance the knowledge and understanding of the Earth atmosphere including climate variability, Earth radiation, chemical composition and properties, weather and precipitation. The Associate Deputy Director assisted the Deputy Director in the management of all aspects of operations including research and mission planning, IT security, personnel actions, budget, and workforce planning.
6/1992
-
4/1999
Landsat 7 Deputy Project Scientist
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD The Landsat 7 Deputy Project Scientist supported the Project Scientist in ensuring the scientific integrity of the Landsat 7 mission.
12/1978
-
6/2007
Physical Scientist, Earth Sciences Remote Sensing, Biospheric Sciences Branch
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD A physical scientist conceives, plans, initiates, leads, and conducts research to increase fundemental knowledge of the biospheric processes on the surface of the Earth. A physical scientist proposes research projects in response to competive research solicitations, manages the funding and execution of selected proposals, and publishes results in refereed scientific journals.
Ph.D. in agronomy, 1993, University of Maryland College Park
M.S. in agronomy, 1979, Penn State University
B.S. in environmental resources management, 1976, Penn State University
American Geophysical Union,
2010
-
Present
Soil Science Society of America,
1978
-
Present
American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
2012
-
Present
NASA Agency Honor Awards - Individual:
Distinguished Service Medal; 2014
Exceptional Service Medal; 2009
NASA Agency Honor Awards - Group Achievement Awards:
Landsat Data Continuity Mission Team: 2014
MSL Project Management Team; 2013
Acquisition Improvement Award (LDCM); 2004, 2007
Landsat 7 Government Industry Team; 2000
Landsat 7 Transition Team; 1995
TM Data Analysis Team; 1985
Robert H. Goddard (GSFC) Honor Awards - Group Achievement Awards
Landsat 40th Anniversary Team; 2013
Outstanding Teamwork Award / LDCM Procurement Team; 2003
Landsat 7 Project Science Office; 1999
Landsat 7 DAAC Emergency System Development Team; 1999
Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS); 1995
Advanced Solid State Array Spectroradiometer (ASAS); 1994
Landsat 7; 1994
Editors’ Citation for Excellence in Manuscript Review, Soil Science Society of America (SSSA); 1992
Refereed
Loveland, T. R., and J. R. Irons. 2016. "Landsat 8: The plans, the reality, and the legacy."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
185:
1-6
[10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.033]
Reuter, D. C., C. M. Richardson, F. A. Pellerano, et al. 2015. "The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on Landsat 8: Design Overview and Pre-Launch Characterization."
Remote Sens,
7
(1):
1135-1153
[10.3390/rs70101135]
Markham, B. L., J. A. Barsi, R. Morfitt, et al. 2015. "Landsat 8: status and on-orbit performance."
Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIX,
[10.1117/12.2194905]
Lewis, A., L. Lymburner, M. B. Purss, et al. 2015. "Rapid, high-resolution detection of environmental change over continental scales from satellite data – the Earth Observation Data Cube."
International Journal of Digital Earth,
9
(1):
106-111
[10.1080/17538947.2015.1111952]
DeGloria, S. D., D. E. Beaudette, J. R. Irons, et al. 2014. "Emergent Imaging and Geospatial Technologies for Soil Investigations."
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
80
(4):
289-294.
Roy, D., M. A. Wulder, T. R. Loveland, et al. 2014. "Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
145:
154-172
[10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001]
DeGloria, S., J. R. Irons, and L. West. 2014. "Remote Sensing of Soils for Environmental Assessment and Management (Foreward)."
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
80
(4):
309-310.
Irons, J. R., J. L. Dwyer, and J. A. Barsi. 2012. "The Next Landsat Satellite: The Landsat Data Continuity Mission."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
[10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.026]
Wulder, M., J. White, S. Goward, et al. 2008. "Landsat continuity: Issues and opportunities for land cover monitoring."
Remote Sens Environ,
112
(3):
955-969
[10.1016/j.rse.2007.07.004]
Goward, S., T. Arvidson, F. Faundeen, J. Irons, and S. Franks. 2006. "Historical record of Landsat global coverage: mission operations, NSLRSDA, and international cooperator stations."
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,
72
(10):
1155-1169
[10.14358/PERS.72.10.1155]
Irons, J. R., and J. Masek. 2006. "Requirements for a Landsat Data Continuity Mission."
Photgrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,
72
(10):
1102-1108.
Goward, S., T. Arvidson, D. L. Williams, et al. 2006. "Historical Record of Landsat Global Coverage: Mission Operations, NSLRSDA, and International Cooperator Stations."
Photogramm Eng Remote Sens,
72
(10):
1155-1169.
Markham, B. L., J. C. Storey, M. M. Crawford, D. Goodenough, and J. Irons. 2004. "Foreword to the Special Issue on Landsat Sensor Performance Characterization."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
42
(12):
2687-2689
[10.1109/TGRS.2004.841174]
Markham, B. L., J. C. Storey, D. L. Williams, and J. Irons. 2004. "Landsat sensor performance: history and current status."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,
42
(12):
2691-2694
[10.1109/TGRS.2004.840720]
Lyapustin, A., D. Williams, B. Markham, et al. 2004. "A Method for Unbiased High-Resolution Aerosol Retrieval from Landsat."
J. Atmos. Sci.,
61
(11):
1233-1244
[10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1233:AMFUHA>2.0.CO;2]
Entcheva Campbell, P. K., B. N. Rock, M. E. Martin, et al. 2004. "Detection of initial damage in Norway spruce canopies using hyperspectral airborne data."
International Journal of Remote Sensing,
25
(24):
5557-5584
[10.1080/01431160410001726058]
Brown de Colstoun, E. C., M. H. Story, C. Thompson, et al. 2003. "National Park vegetation mapping using multitemporal Landsat 7 data and a decision tree classifier."
Remote Sens. Environ.,
85
(3):
316–327
[10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00010-5]
Goward, S. N., J. G. Masek, D. L. Williams, and J. Irons. 2001. "The Landsat 7 Mission: Terrestrial research and applications for the 21st century."
Remote Sens. Environ.,
78
(1–2):
3–12
[10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00262-0]
Russell, C. A., J. R. Irons, and P. Dabney. 1997. "Bidirectional reflectance of selected BOREAS sites from multiangle airborne data."
J. Geophys. Res.,
102
(D24):
29505-29516
[10.1029/96JD03880]
Abuelgasim, A. A., S. Gopal, J. Irons, and A. H. Strahler. 1996. "Classification of ASAS multiangle and multispectral measurements using artificial neural networks."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
57
(2):
79-87
[10.1016/0034-4257(95)00197-2]
Li, Z. J., A. K. Fung, S. Tjuatja, et al. 1996. "A modeling study of backscattering from soil surfaces."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
34
(1):
264 - 271
[10.1109/36.481911]
Daughtry III, C. S., J. E. McMurtrey, E. W. Chappelle, et al. 1995. "Potential for discriminating crop residues from soil by reflectance and fluorescence."
Agron. J.,
87:
165-171
[10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700020005x]
Brown de Colstoun, E. C., C. L. Walthall, C. A. Russell, and J. Irons. 1995. "Estimating the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (ƒAPAR) at FIFE with airborne bidirectional spectral reflectance data."
J. Geophys. Res,
100
(D12):
25523–25535
[10.1029/95JD01045]
Russell, C. A., C. L. Walthall, J. R. Irons, and E. C. Brown de colstoun. 1995. "Comparison of airborne and surface spectral bidirectional reflectance factors, spectral hemispherical reflectance and spectral vegetation indices."
J. Geophys. Res.,
100
(D12):
25509–25522
[10.1029/95JD01643]
Ranson, K. J., J. Irons, and D. L. Williams. 1994. "Multispectral bidirectional reflectance of northern forest canopies with ASAS."
Remote Sens. Environ.,
47
(2):
276-289
[10.1016/0034-4257(94)90161-9]
Lawrence, W. T., D. L. Williams, K. J. Ranson, J. R. Irons, and C. L. Walthall. 1994. "Comparative analysis of data acquired by three narrow-band airborne spectroradiometers over subboreal vegetation."
Remote Sens. Environ.,
47
(2):
204-215
[10.1016/0034-4257(94)90156-2]
Gibbs, D. P., C. L. Betty, A. K. Fung, et al. 1993. "Automated measurement of polarized bidirectional reflectance."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
43
(1):
97-114
[10.1016/0034-4257(93)90067-8]
Hall, D. K., J. L. Foster, J. Irons, and P. W. Dabney. 1993. "Airborne bidirectional radiances of snow-covered surfaces in Montana, USA."
Annals of Glaciology,
17
(1):
35-40
[10.3198/1993AoG17-1-35-40]
Kimes, D. S., J. Irons, and E. R. Levine. 1993. "Learning class descriptions from a data base of spectral reflectance of soil samples."
Remote Sens. Environ.,
43
(2):
161-169
[10.1016/0034-4257(93)90005-I]
Irons, J., G. S. Campbell, J. M. Norman, D. W. Graham, and W. M. Kovalick. 1992. "Prediction and measurement of soil bidirectional reflectance."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
30
(2):
249-260
[10.1109/36.134075]
Deering, D. W., E. M. Middleton, J. Irons, et al. 1992. "Prairie grassland bidirectional reflectances measured by different instruments at the FIFE Site."
J. Geophys. Res,
97
(D17):
18,887–18,903
[10.1029/92JD02163]
Guinness, E. A., R. A. Arvidson, J. Irons, and D. J. Harding. 1991. "Surface scattering properties estimated from modeling ASAS multiple emission angle reflectance data over the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nevada."
Geophys. Res. Letters,
18
(11):
2051-2054
[10.1029/91GL02664]
Irons, J., K. J. Ranson, D. L. Williams, R. R. Irish, and F. G. Huegel. 1991. "An off-nadir pointing imaging spectroradiometer for terrestrial ecosystem studies."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
29
(1):
66-74
[10.1109/36.103294]
Ranson, K. J., J. Irons, and C. S. Daughtry. 1991. "Surface albedo from bidirectional reflectance."
Remote Sens. Environ.,
35
(2-3):
201-211
[10.1016/0034-4257(91)90012-U]
Kestner, J. M., H. W. Leidecker, J. Irons, et al. 1988. "Goniometric observations of light scattered from soils and leaves."
J. of Wave-Material Interaction,
3
(2):
189-198.
Irons, J., K. J. Ranson, and C. S. Daughtry. 1988. "Estimating big bluestem albedo from directional reflectance measurements."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
25
(2):
185-199
[10.1016/0034-4257(88)90100-9]
Irons, J., B. L. Johnson Jr, and G. H. Linebaugh. 1987. "Multiple angle observations of reflectance anisotropy from an airborne linear array sensor."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
GE-25
(3):
372-383
[10.1109/TGRS.1987.289808]
Irons, J., and R. L. Kennard. 1986. "The utility of Thematic Mapper sensor characteristics for surface mine monitoring."
Photo. Eng. and Remote Sensing,
52
(3):
389-396.
Irons, J., B. L. Markham, R. F. Nelson, et al. 1985. "The effects of spatial resolution on the classification of Thematic Mapper data."
International J. of Remote Sensing,
6
(8):
1385-1403
[10.1080/01431168508948285]
Latty, R. S., R. Nelson, B. Markham, et al. 1985. "Performance comparisons between information extraction techniques using variable spatial resolution data."
Photo. Eng. and Remote Sensing,
51
(9):
1459-1470.
Williams, D. L., J. R. Irons, B. L. Markham, et al. 1984. "A statistical evaluation of the advantages of Landsat Thematic Mapper data in comparison to Multispectral Scanner data."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
GE-22
(3):
294 - 302
[10.1109/TGRS.1984.350624]
Irons, J., and M. L. Labovitz. 1982. "A data analytic approach to look angle radiance adjustment."
J. of App. Photo. Eng.,
8
(3):
128-137.
Imhoff, M. L., G. W. Petersen, and J. R. Irons. 1982. "Digital overlay of cartographic information on Landsat MSS data for soil surveys."
Photo. Eng. and Remote Sensing,
48
(8):
1337-1342.
Irons, J., and G. W. Petersen. 1981. "Texture transforms of remote sensing data."
Remote Sensing of Environment,
11:
359-370
[10.1016/0034-4257(81)90033-X]
Wharton, S. W., J. Irons, and F. Huegel. 1981. "LAPR: An experimental aircraft pushbroom scanner."
Photo. Eng. and Remote Sensing,
47
(5):
631-639.
Non-Refereed
Williams, D., J. R. Irons, L. E. Rocchio, and C. A. Russell. 2014. "Landsat Legacy Project Interview [Professional Insight]."
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing (PE&RS)
80
(11):
1014-1016
[Full Text (Link)]
Reuter, D., J. Irons, A. Lunsford, et al. 2011. "The Operational Land Imager (OLI) the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)."
Proceedings of SPIE
8048:
804812-804812-7
[10.1117/12.885963]
Markham, B. L., P. W. Dabney, D. Reuter, et al. 2011. "Landsat Data Continuity Mission Operational Land Imager Thermal In-frared Sensor performance."
Proceedings of SPIE
8153:
81530D-81530D-7
[10.1117/12.895542]
Reuter, D. C., C. Richardson, J. Irons, et al. 2010. "The Thermal Infrared Sensor on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission."
IEEE International Geoscience Remote Sensing Symposium
754-757
[10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5653746]
Refereed
Loveland, T. R., and J. R. Irons. 2016. "Landsat 8: The plans, the reality, and the legacy."
Remote Sensing of Environment
185
1-6
[10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.033]
Reuter, D. C., C. M. Richardson, F. A. Pellerano, et al. 2015. "The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on Landsat 8: Design Overview and Pre-Launch Characterization."
Remote Sens
7
(1):
1135-1153
[10.3390/rs70101135]
Markham, B. L., J. A. Barsi, R. Morfitt, et al. 2015. "Landsat 8: status and on-orbit performance."
Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIX
[10.1117/12.2194905]
Lewis, A., L. Lymburner, M. B. Purss, et al. 2015. "Rapid, high-resolution detection of environmental change over continental scales from satellite data – the Earth Observation Data Cube."
International Journal of Digital Earth
9
(1):
106-111
[10.1080/17538947.2015.1111952]
DeGloria, S. D., D. E. Beaudette, J. R. Irons, et al. 2014. "Emergent Imaging and Geospatial Technologies for Soil Investigations."
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
80
(4):
289-294
Roy, D., M. A. Wulder, T. R. Loveland, et al. 2014. "Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research."
Remote Sensing of Environment
145
154-172
[10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001]
DeGloria, S., J. R. Irons, and L. West. 2014. "Remote Sensing of Soils for Environmental Assessment and Management (Foreward)."
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
80
(4):
309-310
Irons, J. R., J. L. Dwyer, and J. A. Barsi. 2012. "The Next Landsat Satellite: The Landsat Data Continuity Mission."
Remote Sensing of Environment
[10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.026]
Wulder, M., J. White, S. Goward, et al. 2008. "Landsat continuity: Issues and opportunities for land cover monitoring."
Remote Sens Environ
112
(3):
955-969
[10.1016/j.rse.2007.07.004]
Goward, S., T. Arvidson, F. Faundeen, J. Irons, and S. Franks. 2006. "Historical record of Landsat global coverage: mission operations, NSLRSDA, and international cooperator stations."
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
72
(10):
1155-1169
[10.14358/PERS.72.10.1155]
Irons, J. R., and J. Masek. 2006. "Requirements for a Landsat Data Continuity Mission."
Photgrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
72
(10):
1102-1108
Goward, S., T. Arvidson, D. L. Williams, et al. 2006. "Historical Record of Landsat Global Coverage: Mission Operations, NSLRSDA, and International Cooperator Stations."
Photogramm Eng Remote Sens
72
(10):
1155-1169
Markham, B. L., J. C. Storey, M. M. Crawford, D. Goodenough, and J. Irons. 2004. "Foreword to the Special Issue on Landsat Sensor Performance Characterization."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing
42
(12):
2687-2689
[10.1109/TGRS.2004.841174]
Markham, B. L., J. C. Storey, D. L. Williams, and J. Irons. 2004. "Landsat sensor performance: history and current status."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing
42
(12):
2691-2694
[10.1109/TGRS.2004.840720]
Lyapustin, A., D. Williams, B. Markham, et al. 2004. "A Method for Unbiased High-Resolution Aerosol Retrieval from Landsat."
J. Atmos. Sci.
61
(11):
1233-1244
[10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1233:AMFUHA>2.0.CO;2]
Entcheva Campbell, P. K., B. N. Rock, M. E. Martin, et al. 2004. "Detection of initial damage in Norway spruce canopies using hyperspectral airborne data."
International Journal of Remote Sensing
25
(24):
5557-5584
[10.1080/01431160410001726058]
Brown de Colstoun, E. C., M. H. Story, C. Thompson, et al. 2003. "National Park vegetation mapping using multitemporal Landsat 7 data and a decision tree classifier."
Remote Sens. Environ.
85
(3):
316–327
[10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00010-5]
Goward, S. N., J. G. Masek, D. L. Williams, and J. Irons. 2001. "The Landsat 7 Mission: Terrestrial research and applications for the 21st century."
Remote Sens. Environ.
78
(1–2):
3–12
[10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00262-0]
Russell, C. A., J. R. Irons, and P. Dabney. 1997. "Bidirectional reflectance of selected BOREAS sites from multiangle airborne data."
J. Geophys. Res.
102
(D24):
29505-29516
[10.1029/96JD03880]
Abuelgasim, A. A., S. Gopal, J. Irons, and A. H. Strahler. 1996. "Classification of ASAS multiangle and multispectral measurements using artificial neural networks."
Remote Sensing of Environment
57
(2):
79-87
[10.1016/0034-4257(95)00197-2]
Li, Z. J., A. K. Fung, S. Tjuatja, et al. 1996. "A modeling study of backscattering from soil surfaces."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.
34
(1):
264 - 271
[10.1109/36.481911]
Daughtry III, C. S., J. E. McMurtrey, E. W. Chappelle, et al. 1995. "Potential for discriminating crop residues from soil by reflectance and fluorescence."
Agron. J.
87
165-171
[10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700020005x]
Brown de Colstoun, E. C., C. L. Walthall, C. A. Russell, and J. Irons. 1995. "Estimating the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (ƒAPAR) at FIFE with airborne bidirectional spectral reflectance data."
J. Geophys. Res
100
(D12):
25523–25535
[10.1029/95JD01045]
Russell, C. A., C. L. Walthall, J. R. Irons, and E. C. Brown de colstoun. 1995. "Comparison of airborne and surface spectral bidirectional reflectance factors, spectral hemispherical reflectance and spectral vegetation indices."
J. Geophys. Res.
100
(D12):
25509–25522
[10.1029/95JD01643]
Ranson, K. J., J. Irons, and D. L. Williams. 1994. "Multispectral bidirectional reflectance of northern forest canopies with ASAS."
Remote Sens. Environ.
47
(2):
276-289
[10.1016/0034-4257(94)90161-9]
Lawrence, W. T., D. L. Williams, K. J. Ranson, J. R. Irons, and C. L. Walthall. 1994. "Comparative analysis of data acquired by three narrow-band airborne spectroradiometers over subboreal vegetation."
Remote Sens. Environ.
47
(2):
204-215
[10.1016/0034-4257(94)90156-2]
Gibbs, D. P., C. L. Betty, A. K. Fung, et al. 1993. "Automated measurement of polarized bidirectional reflectance."
Remote Sensing of Environment
43
(1):
97-114
[10.1016/0034-4257(93)90067-8]
Hall, D. K., J. L. Foster, J. Irons, and P. W. Dabney. 1993. "Airborne bidirectional radiances of snow-covered surfaces in Montana, USA."
Annals of Glaciology
17
(1):
35-40
[10.3198/1993AoG17-1-35-40]
Kimes, D. S., J. Irons, and E. R. Levine. 1993. "Learning class descriptions from a data base of spectral reflectance of soil samples."
Remote Sens. Environ.
43
(2):
161-169
[10.1016/0034-4257(93)90005-I]
Irons, J., G. S. Campbell, J. M. Norman, D. W. Graham, and W. M. Kovalick. 1992. "Prediction and measurement of soil bidirectional reflectance."
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.
30
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