Cosmic Ices
I specialize in the study of interstellar and planetary ices, and my focus is on laboratory measurements of their physical, chemical, and spectroscopic properties. These include icy dust grain mantles found in dark interstellar clouds as well as icy materials found on the surfaces of objects within the outer Solar System (comets, icy moons, Kuiper Belt Objects, etc.).
I have used spectroscopy in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as the infrared or ultraviolet, to study the compositions of astrophysically relevant materials. Lab data help to predict and interpret observations made with astronomical observatories (such as the Spitzer or James Webb Space Telescopes) and planetary missions (such as Cassini or New Horizons). I also create laboratory analogs of interstellar and solar-system ices in order to understand the physical and chemical changes they undergo when exposed to particle radiation or high-energy photons.
Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Ices
This includes measurements of the infrared spectra of mixed molecular ices of astrophysical interest at temperatures from 10 to 300 K; the determination of parameters such as complex refractive indices (optical constants), band intensities (band strengths), and absorption coefficients.
Infrared Observational Astronomy
Studies of dust and ice in the interstellar medium (ISM); Extinction and reddening of starlight by dust; Polarization of starlight in the ISM; Infrared absorption features due to interstellar dust and ice; the abundance of interstellar molecules in dust grain mantles; observations at international ground-based telescopes (such as
the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope) and using space observatories (such as
the Infrared Space Observatory and
the Spitzer Space Telescope)
Planetary Exploration and Missions
I am a Deputy Project Scientist for the Comet Astrobiology Exploration SAmple Return (CAESAR) mission to be proposed to NASA’s New Frontiers Program. CAESAR would sample the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and return the sample to Earth for detailed studies. It would be the farthest-reaching sample return mission in history.
Postdoctoral Advisor
- Current advisor for NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow Yukiko Yarnall.since September 2019
- Former advisor to NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow Karen Smith.
- 1998 -- Ph.D., Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY)
- 1995 -- Two-year Research Degree (M.S.), Astronomy, Leiden University (Leiden, the Netherlands)
- 1993 -- B.S., Physics (minor in Astrophysics), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY)
12/2019
-
Present
Associate Lab Chief, Astrochemistry (Code 691)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD
9/2010
-
Present
Space Scientist
Astrochemistry (Code 691), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD
10/2006
-
8/2012
Associate Professor (tenured)
Department of Physics, the University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
9/2000
-
9/2006
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics, the University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
11/1998
-
8/2000
Postdoctoral Research Associate
National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
Division B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
Division F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology
Division H Interstellar Matter and Local Universe
Commission B5 Laboratory Astrophysics
Commission F3 Astrobiology
Commission H2 Astrochemistry
Profile page
Regular manuscript reviewer for professional journals such as the Astrophysical Journal, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Icarus, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Spectrochimica Acta, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, Molecular Astrophysics, and Astrobiology.
Regular proposal reviewer for funding programs at NASA and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
While employed as a faculty member in the Department of Physics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, I was the instructor for 100-level Astronomy courses (one per semester), and each course had approximately 75-100 enrolled students. I also was the instructor for undergraduate Physics courses for Physics majors, such as freshman-level Physics I & II, junior/senior-level Introductory Quantum Mechanics I & II, and graduate-level Celestial Mechanics. I mentored 1-2 undergraduates every summer and was the primary adviser for both Master's and PhD graduate dissertations. My students at UAB included Dr. Amanda Cook, Dr. Douglas White, and Dr. Christina Richey.
For a complete listing of my publications and presentations, see the results of a Harvard ADS Query for the author name "Gerakines".
Also see my Publons profile.
Refereed
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and Y. Y. Yarnall. 2023. "Infrared spectra and optical constants of astronomical ices: V. cyclopropane and ethylene oxide."
Icarus,
396:
115499
[10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115499]
Gerakines, P. A., C. K. Materese, and R. L. Hudson. 2023. "Carbon monoxide ices – a semicentennial review and update for crystalline CO along with the first IR spectrum and band strength for amorphous CO."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
522
(2):
3145-3162
[10.1093/mnras/stad1164]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2023. "Influences on Infrared Spectra of Benzene Ices for Titan, Comets, and Beyond: Annealings, Artifacts, and Isosbestic Points."
The Planetary Science Journal,
4
(3):
55
[10.3847/psj/acc337]
Aslam, S., D. Glavin, G. Quilligan, et al. 2022. "Compact Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Analyzer."
U.S. Patent 11,391,672. Washington DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office,
July 19th 2022.
Hudson, R. L., Y. Yarnall, and P. A. Gerakines (he/him). 2022. "Benzene Vapor Pressures at Titan Temperatures: First Microbalance Results."
The Planetary Science Journal,
3
(5):
120
[10.3847/PSJ/ac67a5]
Hudson, R. L., Y. Yarnall, and P. A. Gerakines. 2022. "Infrared Spectral Intensities of Amine Ices, Precursors to Amino Acids."
Astrobiology,
22
(4):
452-461
[10.1089/ast.2021.0138]
Gerakines, P. A., D. Qasim, S. Frail, and R. L. Hudson. 2022. "Radiolytic Destruction of Uracil in Interstellar and Solar System Ices."
Astrobiology,
22
(3):
233-241
[10.1089/ast.2021.0053]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and Y. Yarnall. 2022. "Ammonia Ices Revisited: New IR Intensities and Optical Constants for Solid NH3."
The Astrophysical Journal ,
925
(2):
156
[10.3847/1538-4357/ac3e74]
Gerakines, P. A., Y. Y. Yarnall, and R. L. Hudson. 2022. "Direct measurements of infrared intensities of HCN and H2O + HCN ices for laboratory and observational astrochemistry."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
509
(3):
3515-3522
[10.1093/mnras/stab2992]
Tran, D., N. Gorius, G. T. Quilligan, et al. 2022. "Gas Analyzer for Monitoring H2O and CO2 Partial Pressures in Space Instrumentation."
IEEE Sensors Journal,
22
(1):
12576-12587
[10.1109/JSEN.2022.3177079]
Yocum, K. M., S. N. Milam, P. A. Gerakines, and S. L. Widicus Weaver. 2021. "Sublimation of Laboratory Ices Millimeter/Submillimeter Experiment (SubLIME): Structure-specific Identifications of Products from UV-photolyzed Methanol Ice."
The Astrophysical Journal,
913
(1):
61
[10.3847/1538-4357/abf14e]
Mullikin, E., H. Anderson, N. O’Hern, et al. 2021. "A New Method for Simulating Photoprocesses in Astrochemical Models."
The Astrophysical Journal,
910
(1):
72
[10.3847/1538-4357/abd778]
Materese, C. K., P. A. Gerakines, and R. L. Hudson. 2021. "Laboratory Studies of Astronomical Ices: Reaction Chemistry and Spectroscopy."
Accounts of Chemical Research,
54
(2):
280-290
[10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00637]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, Y. Y. Yarnall, and R. T. Coones. 2021. "Infrared spectra and optical constants of astronomical ices: III. Propane, propylene, and propyne."
Icarus,
354:
114033
[10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114033]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2020. "A Modified Algorithm and Open-source Computational Package for the Determination of Infrared Optical Constants Relevant to Astrophysics."
The Astrophysical Journal,
901
(1):
52
[10.3847/1538-4357/abad39]
Materese, C. K., P. A. Gerakines, and R. L. Hudson. 2020. "The Radiation Stability of Thymine in Solid H2O."
Astrobiology,
20
(10):
956-963
[10.1089/ast.2019.2199]
Yarnall, Y. Y., P. A. Gerakines, and R. L. Hudson. 2020. "Propanal, an interstellar aldehyde - first infrared band strengths and other properties of the amorphous and crystalline forms."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
494
(4):
4606–4615
[10.1093/mnras/staa1028]
Hudson, R. L., M. J. Loeffler, R. F. Ferrante, P. A. Gerakines, and F. M. Coleman. 2020. "Testing Densities and Refractive Indices of Extraterrestrial Ice Components Using Molecular Structures—Organic Compounds and Molar Refractions."
The Astrophysical Journal,
891
(1):
22
[10.3847/1538-4357/ab6efa]
Yocum, K. M., H. H. Smith, E. W. Todd, et al. 2019. "Millimeter/Submillimeter Spectroscopic Detection of Desorbed Ices: A New Technique in Laboratory Astrochemistry."
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,
123
(40):
8702-8708
[10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04587]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2019. "Molecular identifications in experiments with astronomical ice analogues: new data, old strategies, and the N2 + acetone system."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
485
(1):
861-871
[10.1093/mnras/stz254]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2019. "Propynal, an interstellar molecule with an exceptionally strong C≡C infrared band – laboratory infrared data and applications."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
482
(3):
4009-4017
[10.1093/mnras/sty2821]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2018. "Infrared Spectra and Interstellar Sulfur: New Laboratory Results for H2S and Four Malodorous Thiol Ices."
The Astrophysical Journal,
867
(2):
138
[10.3847/1538-4357/aae52a]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and R. F. Ferrante. 2018. "IR spectra and properties of solid acetone, an interstellar and cometary molecule."
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,
193:
33-39
[10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.055]
Hudson, R. L., M. J. Loeffler, and P. A. Gerakines. 2017. "Infrared spectra and band strengths of amorphous and crystalline N2O."
The Journal of Chemical Physics,
146
(2):
024304
[10.1063/1.4973548]
Loeffler, M. J., M. H. Moore, and P. A. Gerakines. 2016. "The Effects of Experimental Conditions on the Refractive Index and Density of Low-Temperature Ices: Solid Carbon Dioxide."
The Astrophysical Journal,
827
(2):
98
[10.3847/0004-637x/827/2/98]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2015. "First infrared band strengths for amorphous CO2, an overlooked component of interstellar ices."
The Astrophysical Journal Letters,
808
(2):
L40
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L40]
Boogert, A. C., P. A. Gerakines, and D. C. Whittet. 2015. "Observations of the icy universe."
Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics,
53:
541-581
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122348]
Smith, K. E., P. A. Gerakines, and M. P. Callahan. 2015. "Metabolic precursors in astrophysical ice analogs: implications for meteorites and comets ."
Chemical Communications,
51
(59):
11787-11790
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1039/C5CC03272E]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2015. "Infrared spectra and optical constants of elusive amorphous methane."
Astrophysical Journal Letters,
805
(2):
L20
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1088/2041-8205/805/2/L20]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and M. J. Loeffler. 2015. "Activation of weak IR fundamentals of two species of astrochemical interest in the Td point group – the importance of amorphous ices."
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,
17
(19):
12545-12552
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1039/C5CP00975H]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2015. "The radiation stability of glycine in solid CO2 – In situ laboratory measurements with applications to Mars."
Icarus,
252:
466-472
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.008]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and M. H. Moore. 2014. "Infrared Spectra and Optical Constants of Astronomical Ices: II. Ethane and Ethylene."
Icarus,
243:
147-148
[10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.001]
Smith, K. E., M. P. Callahan, P. A. Gerakines, J. P. Dworkin, and C. H. House. 2014. "Investigation of pyridine carboxylic acids in CM2 carbonaceous chondrites: Potential precursor molecules for ancient coenzymes."
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
136:
1-12
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.001]
Callahan, M. P., P. A. Gerakines, M. G. Martin, Z. Peeters, and R. L. Hudson. 2013. "Irradiated benzene ice provides clues to meteoritic organic chemistry."
Icarus,
226
(2):
1201-1209
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.033]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2013. "Glycine's Radiolytic Destruction in Ices: First in situ Laboratory Measurements for Mars."
Astrobiology,
13:
647-655
[10.1089/ast.2012.0943]
Richey, C. R., and P. A. Gerakines. 2012. "Near-infrared band strengths of molecules diluted in N2 and H2O ice mixtures relevant to interstellar and planetary ices."
The Astrophysical Journal,
759:
74-86
[10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/74]
Gerakines, P. A., R. L. Hudson, M. H. Moore, and J.-L. Bell. 2012. "In-situ Measurements of the Radiation Stability of Amino Acids at 15 - 140 K."
Icarus,
220:
647-659
[10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.001]
Cook, A. M., D. C. Whittet, S. S. Shenoy, et al. 2011. "The Thermal Evolution of Ices in the Environments of Newly Formed Stars: The CO2 Diagnostic."
The Astrophysical Journal,
730
(2):
124-138
[10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/124]
White, D., P. A. Gerakines, D. Whittet, and A. Cook. 2009. "Laboratory Spectra of the CO2 Bending-Mode Feature in Interstellar Ice Analogs Subject to Thermal Processing."
Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series,
180:
182-191
[10.1088/0067-0049/180/1/182]
Agresti, D. G., and P. A. Gerakines. 2009. "Simultaneous Fitting of Mars Moessbauer Data."
Hyperfine Interactions,
188:
113-120
[10.1007/s10751-008-9896-1]
Whittet, D. C., A. M. Cook, S. S. Shenoy, et al. 2009. "The Nature of Carbon Dioxide Bearing Ices in Quiescent Molecular Clouds."
The Astrophysical Journal,
695:
94-100
[10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/94]
Sonnentrucker, P., D. A. Neufeld, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 2008. "Fully Sampled Maps of Ices and Silicates in Front of Cepheus A East with Spitzer."
The Astrophysical Journal,
672:
361-370
[10.1086/523790]
Whittet, D. C., S. S. Shenoy, E. A. Bergin, et al. 2007. "The abundance of carbon dioxide ice in the quiescent intracloud medium."
The Astrophysical Journal,
655
(1):
332-341
[10.1086/509772]
Abbas, M. M., D. Tankosic, P. D. Craven, et al. 2006. "Photoelectric Emission Measurements on the Analogs of Individual Cosmic Dust Grains."
The Astrophysical Journal,
645
(1):
324-336
[10.1086/504281]
Bergin, E. A., G. J. Melnick, P. A. Gerakines, D. A. Neufeld, and D. C. Whittet. 2005. "Spitzer Observations of CO2 Ice Towards Field Stars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud."
The Astrophysical Journal,
627
(1):
L33-L36
[10.1086/431932]
Gerakines, P. A., J. J. Bray, A. Davis, and C. R. Richey. 2005. "The Strengths of Near-Infrared Absorption Features Relevant to Interstellar and Planetary ices."
The Astrophysical Journal,
620
(2):
1140-1150
[10.1086/427166]
Gerakines, P. A., M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson. 2004. "Ultraviolet Photolysis and Proton Irradiation of Astrophysical Ice Analogs Containing Hydrogen Cyanide."
Icarus,
170
(1):
202-213
[10.1016/j.icarus.2004.02.005]
Nummelin, A., D. C. Whittet, E. L. Gibb, P. A. Gerakines, and J. E. Chiar. 2001. "Solid Carbon Dioxide in Regions of Low-Mass Star Formation."
The Astrophysical Journal,
558
(1):
185-193
[10.1086/322480]
Hudson, R. L., M. H. Moore, and P. A. Gerakines. 2001. "The Formation of Cyanate Ion (OCN-) in Interstellar Ice Analogs."
The Astrophysical Journal,
550
(2):
1140-1150
[10.1086/319799]
Moore, M. H., R. L. Hudson, and P. A. Gerakines. 2001. "Mid- and Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of the Influence of Temperature, Ultraviolet Photolysis, and Ion Irradiation on Cosmic-Type Ices."
Spectrochimica Acta A ,
57
(4):
843-858
[10.1016/S1386-1425(00)00448-0]
Whittet, D. C., P. A. Gerakines, J. H. Hough, and S. S. Shenoy. 2001. "Interstellar Extinction and Polarization in the Taurus Dark Clouds: The Optical Properties of Dust near the Diffuse/Dense Cloud Interface."
The Astrophysical Journal,
547
(2):
872-884
[10.1086/318421]
Gerakines, P. A., M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson. 2001. "Energetic Processing of Laboratory Ice Analogs: UV Photolysis vs. Ion Bombardment."
Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets,
106
(E12):
33381-33386
[10.1029/2000JE001320]
Wdowiak, T. J., P. A. Gerakines, D. G. Agresti, and S. J. Clemett. 2001. "Technology Considerations Relevant to an Exobiology Surface-Science Approach for Europa."
Astrobiology,
1:
467-476.
Gerakines, P. A., and M. H. Moore. 2001. "Carbon Suboxide in Astrophysical Ice Analogs."
Icarus,
154:
372-380.
Gibb, E. L., D. C. Whittet, W. A. Schutte, et al. 2000. "An Inventory of Interstellar Ices toward the Embedded Protostar W33A."
The Astrophysical Journal,
536
(1):
347-356
[10.1086/308940]
Gerakines, P. A., M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson. 2000. "Carbonic Acid Production in H2O:CO2 ices UV Photolysis vs Proton Bombardment."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
357:
793-800.
Boogert, A. C., P. Ehrenfreund, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 2000. "ISO-SWS Observations of Interstellar Solid 13CO2: Heated Ice and the Galactic 12C/13C Abundance Ratio."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
353
(1):
349-362
[10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9909477]
Gerakines, P. A., D. C. Whittet, P. Ehrenfreund, et al. 1999. "Observations of Solid Carbon Dioxide in Molecular Clouds with the Infrared Space Observatory."
The Astrophysical Journal,
522
(1):
357-377
[10.1086/307611]
Schutte, W. A., A. C. Boogert, A. G. Tielens, et al. 1999. "Weak Ice Absorption Features in the Spectrum of the Obscured Young Stellar Object W33 A."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
343:
966-976.
Vandenbussche, B., P. Enhrenfreund, A. C. Boogert, et al. 1999. "Constraints on the Abundance of Solid O2 in Dense Clouds from ISO-SWS and Ground-Based Observations
."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
346:
L57-L60.
Ehrenfreund, P., O. Kerkhof, W. A. Schutte, et al. 1999. "Laboratory Studies of Thermally Processed H2O-CH3OH-CO2 Ice Mixtures and their Astrophysical Implications."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
350:
240?253.
Chiar, J. E., P. A. Gerakines, D. C. Whittet, et al. 1998. "Processing of Icy Mantles in Protostellar Envelopes."
The Astrophysical Journal,
498
(2):
716-727
[10.1086/305569]
Whittet, D. C., P. A. Gerakines, A. G. Tielens, et al. 1998. "Detection of Abundant CO2 Ice in the Quiescent Dark Cloud Medium toward Elias 16."
The Astrophysical Journal,
498:
L159-L163.
Whittet, D. C., A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 1997. "Infrared Spectroscopy of Dust in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium toward Cygnus OB2 No 12."
The Astrophysical Journal,
490
(2):
729-734
[10.1086/304914]
Whittet, D. C., T. Prusti, G. A. Franco, et al. 1997. "On the Distance to the Chamaeleon I and II Associations."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
327:
1194-1205.
Ehrenfreund, P., A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, A. G. Tielens, and E. F. van Dishoeck. 1997. "Infrared Spectroscopy of Interstellar Apolar Ice Analogs."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
328:
649-669.
Schutte, W. A., P. A. Gerakines, T. R. Geballe, E. F. van Dishoeck, and J. M. Greenberg. 1996. "Discovery of Solid Formaldehyde toward the Protostar GL 2136: Observations and Laboratory Simulation."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
309:
633-647.
Ehrenfreund, P., P. A. Gerakines, W. A. Schutte, M. C. van Hemert, and E. F. van Dsihoeck. 1996. "Infrared Properties of Isolated Water Ice."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
312:
263-274.
Gerakines, P. A., W. A. Schutte, and P. Ehrenfreund. 1996. "Ultraviolet Processing of Interstellar Ice Analogs: Pure Ices."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
312:
289-305.
Ehrenfreund, P., A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 1996. "A Laboratory Database of Solid CO and CO2 for ISO."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
315:
L341-L344.
de Graauw, T., D. C. Whittet, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 1996. "SWS Observations of Solid CO2 in Molecular Clouds."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
315:
L345-L348.
van Dishoeck, E. F., F. P. Helmich, T. de Graauw, et al. 1996. "A Search for Interstellar Gas-phase CO2 - Gas:Solid-State Abundance Ratios."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
315:
L349-L352.
Whittet, D. C., W. A. Schutte, A. G. Tielens, et al. 1996. "An ISO-SWS View of Interstellar Ices: First Results."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
315:
L357-L360.
Gerakines, P. A., D. C. Whittet, and A. Lazarian. 1995. "Grain Alignment in the Taurus Dark Cloud."
The Astrophysical Journal,
455:
L171-L175
[10.1086/309828]
Greenberg, J. M., A. Li, C. X. Mendoza-Gomez, et al. 1995. "Approaching the Interstellar Grain Organic Refractory Component."
The Astrophysical Journal,
455:
L177-L180
[10.1086/309834]
Schutte, W. A., and P. A. Gerakines. 1995. "Recent Results from the Leiden Observatory Laboratory: (a) Band Strengths in Mixed Ices; (b) UV Photolysis of Solid Methanol."
Planetary & Space Science,
43
(10):
1253-1256
[10.1016/0032-0633(95)00011-S]
Gerakines, P. A., and D. C. Whittet. 1995. "A Review of Interstellar Polarization Properties and Recent Measurements toward the Chamaeleon I and Taurus Dark Clouds."
Planetary & Space Science,
43
(10):
1325-1328
[10.1016/0032-0633(95)00027-3]
Greenberg, J. M., O. M. Shalabiea, C. X. Mendoza-Gomez, W. Schutte, and P. A. Gerakines. 1995. "Origin of Organic Matter in the Protosolar Nebula and in Comets."
Advances in Space Research,
16
(2):
9-16
[10.1016/0273-1177(95)00186-I]
Gerakines, P. A., W. A. Schutte, J. M. Greenberg, and E. F. van Dishoeck. 1995. "The Infrared Band Strengths of H2O, CO, and CO2 in Laboratory Simulations of Astrophysical Ice Mixtures."
Astronomy & Astrophysics,
296:
810-818.
Whittet, D. C., P. A. Gerakines, A. L. Carkner, et al. 1994. "A Study of the Chamaeleon-I Dark Cloud and T-Association - Part VI - Interstellar Polarization, Grain Alignment, and Magnetic Field."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
268
(1):
1-12
[10.1093/mnras/268.1.1]
Refereed
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and Y. Y. Yarnall. 2023. "Infrared spectra and optical constants of astronomical ices: V. cyclopropane and ethylene oxide."
Icarus
396
115499
[10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115499]
Gerakines, P. A., C. K. Materese, and R. L. Hudson. 2023. "Carbon monoxide ices – a semicentennial review and update for crystalline CO along with the first IR spectrum and band strength for amorphous CO."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
522
(2):
3145-3162
[10.1093/mnras/stad1164]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2023. "Influences on Infrared Spectra of Benzene Ices for Titan, Comets, and Beyond: Annealings, Artifacts, and Isosbestic Points."
The Planetary Science Journal
4
(3):
55
[10.3847/psj/acc337]
Aslam, S., D. Glavin, G. Quilligan, et al. 2022. "Compact Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Analyzer."
U.S. Patent 11,391,672. Washington DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
July 19th 2022
Hudson, R. L., Y. Yarnall, and P. A. Gerakines (he/him). 2022. "Benzene Vapor Pressures at Titan Temperatures: First Microbalance Results."
The Planetary Science Journal
3
(5):
120
[10.3847/PSJ/ac67a5]
Hudson, R. L., Y. Yarnall, and P. A. Gerakines. 2022. "Infrared Spectral Intensities of Amine Ices, Precursors to Amino Acids."
Astrobiology
22
(4):
452-461
[10.1089/ast.2021.0138]
Gerakines, P. A., D. Qasim, S. Frail, and R. L. Hudson. 2022. "Radiolytic Destruction of Uracil in Interstellar and Solar System Ices."
Astrobiology
22
(3):
233-241
[10.1089/ast.2021.0053]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and Y. Yarnall. 2022. "Ammonia Ices Revisited: New IR Intensities and Optical Constants for Solid NH3."
The Astrophysical Journal
925
(2):
156
[10.3847/1538-4357/ac3e74]
Gerakines, P. A., Y. Y. Yarnall, and R. L. Hudson. 2022. "Direct measurements of infrared intensities of HCN and H2O + HCN ices for laboratory and observational astrochemistry."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
509
(3):
3515-3522
[10.1093/mnras/stab2992]
Tran, D., N. Gorius, G. T. Quilligan, et al. 2022. "Gas Analyzer for Monitoring H2O and CO2 Partial Pressures in Space Instrumentation."
IEEE Sensors Journal
22
(1):
12576-12587
[10.1109/JSEN.2022.3177079]
Yocum, K. M., S. N. Milam, P. A. Gerakines, and S. L. Widicus Weaver. 2021. "Sublimation of Laboratory Ices Millimeter/Submillimeter Experiment (SubLIME): Structure-specific Identifications of Products from UV-photolyzed Methanol Ice."
The Astrophysical Journal
913
(1):
61
[10.3847/1538-4357/abf14e]
Mullikin, E., H. Anderson, N. O’Hern, et al. 2021. "A New Method for Simulating Photoprocesses in Astrochemical Models."
The Astrophysical Journal
910
(1):
72
[10.3847/1538-4357/abd778]
Materese, C. K., P. A. Gerakines, and R. L. Hudson. 2021. "Laboratory Studies of Astronomical Ices: Reaction Chemistry and Spectroscopy."
Accounts of Chemical Research
54
(2):
280-290
[10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00637]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, Y. Y. Yarnall, and R. T. Coones. 2021. "Infrared spectra and optical constants of astronomical ices: III. Propane, propylene, and propyne."
Icarus
354
114033
[10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114033]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2020. "A Modified Algorithm and Open-source Computational Package for the Determination of Infrared Optical Constants Relevant to Astrophysics."
The Astrophysical Journal
901
(1):
52
[10.3847/1538-4357/abad39]
Materese, C. K., P. A. Gerakines, and R. L. Hudson. 2020. "The Radiation Stability of Thymine in Solid H2O."
Astrobiology
20
(10):
956-963
[10.1089/ast.2019.2199]
Yarnall, Y. Y., P. A. Gerakines, and R. L. Hudson. 2020. "Propanal, an interstellar aldehyde - first infrared band strengths and other properties of the amorphous and crystalline forms."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
494
(4):
4606–4615
[10.1093/mnras/staa1028]
Hudson, R. L., M. J. Loeffler, R. F. Ferrante, P. A. Gerakines, and F. M. Coleman. 2020. "Testing Densities and Refractive Indices of Extraterrestrial Ice Components Using Molecular Structures—Organic Compounds and Molar Refractions."
The Astrophysical Journal
891
(1):
22
[10.3847/1538-4357/ab6efa]
Yocum, K. M., H. H. Smith, E. W. Todd, et al. 2019. "Millimeter/Submillimeter Spectroscopic Detection of Desorbed Ices: A New Technique in Laboratory Astrochemistry."
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
123
(40):
8702-8708
[10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04587]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2019. "Molecular identifications in experiments with astronomical ice analogues: new data, old strategies, and the N2 + acetone system."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
485
(1):
861-871
[10.1093/mnras/stz254]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2019. "Propynal, an interstellar molecule with an exceptionally strong C≡C infrared band – laboratory infrared data and applications."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
482
(3):
4009-4017
[10.1093/mnras/sty2821]
Hudson, R. L., and P. A. Gerakines. 2018. "Infrared Spectra and Interstellar Sulfur: New Laboratory Results for H2S and Four Malodorous Thiol Ices."
The Astrophysical Journal
867
(2):
138
[10.3847/1538-4357/aae52a]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and R. F. Ferrante. 2018. "IR spectra and properties of solid acetone, an interstellar and cometary molecule."
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
193
33-39
[10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.055]
Hudson, R. L., M. J. Loeffler, and P. A. Gerakines. 2017. "Infrared spectra and band strengths of amorphous and crystalline N2O."
The Journal of Chemical Physics
146
(2):
024304
[10.1063/1.4973548]
Loeffler, M. J., M. H. Moore, and P. A. Gerakines. 2016. "The Effects of Experimental Conditions on the Refractive Index and Density of Low-Temperature Ices: Solid Carbon Dioxide."
The Astrophysical Journal
827
(2):
98
[10.3847/0004-637x/827/2/98]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2015. "First infrared band strengths for amorphous CO2, an overlooked component of interstellar ices."
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
808
(2):
L40
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L40]
Boogert, A. C., P. A. Gerakines, and D. C. Whittet. 2015. "Observations of the icy universe."
Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics
53
541-581
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122348]
Smith, K. E., P. A. Gerakines, and M. P. Callahan. 2015. "Metabolic precursors in astrophysical ice analogs: implications for meteorites and comets ."
Chemical Communications
51
(59):
11787-11790
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1039/C5CC03272E]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2015. "Infrared spectra and optical constants of elusive amorphous methane."
Astrophysical Journal Letters
805
(2):
L20
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1088/2041-8205/805/2/L20]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and M. J. Loeffler. 2015. "Activation of weak IR fundamentals of two species of astrochemical interest in the Td point group – the importance of amorphous ices."
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
17
(19):
12545-12552
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1039/C5CP00975H]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2015. "The radiation stability of glycine in solid CO2 – In situ laboratory measurements with applications to Mars."
Icarus
252
466-472
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.008]
Hudson, R. L., P. A. Gerakines, and M. H. Moore. 2014. "Infrared Spectra and Optical Constants of Astronomical Ices: II. Ethane and Ethylene."
Icarus
243
147-148
[10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.001]
Smith, K. E., M. P. Callahan, P. A. Gerakines, J. P. Dworkin, and C. H. House. 2014. "Investigation of pyridine carboxylic acids in CM2 carbonaceous chondrites: Potential precursor molecules for ancient coenzymes."
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
136
1-12
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.001]
Callahan, M. P., P. A. Gerakines, M. G. Martin, Z. Peeters, and R. L. Hudson. 2013. "Irradiated benzene ice provides clues to meteoritic organic chemistry."
Icarus
226
(2):
1201-1209
[Full Text (Link)]
[10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.033]
Gerakines, P. A., and R. L. Hudson. 2013. "Glycine's Radiolytic Destruction in Ices: First in situ Laboratory Measurements for Mars."
Astrobiology
13
647-655
[10.1089/ast.2012.0943]
Richey, C. R., and P. A. Gerakines. 2012. "Near-infrared band strengths of molecules diluted in N2 and H2O ice mixtures relevant to interstellar and planetary ices."
The Astrophysical Journal
759
74-86
[10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/74]
Gerakines, P. A., R. L. Hudson, M. H. Moore, and J.-L. Bell. 2012. "In-situ Measurements of the Radiation Stability of Amino Acids at 15 - 140 K."
Icarus
220
647-659
[10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.001]
Cook, A. M., D. C. Whittet, S. S. Shenoy, et al. 2011. "The Thermal Evolution of Ices in the Environments of Newly Formed Stars: The CO2 Diagnostic."
The Astrophysical Journal
730
(2):
124-138
[10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/124]
White, D., P. A. Gerakines, D. Whittet, and A. Cook. 2009. "Laboratory Spectra of the CO2 Bending-Mode Feature in Interstellar Ice Analogs Subject to Thermal Processing."
Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
180
182-191
[10.1088/0067-0049/180/1/182]
Agresti, D. G., and P. A. Gerakines. 2009. "Simultaneous Fitting of Mars Moessbauer Data."
Hyperfine Interactions
188
113-120
[10.1007/s10751-008-9896-1]
Whittet, D. C., A. M. Cook, S. S. Shenoy, et al. 2009. "The Nature of Carbon Dioxide Bearing Ices in Quiescent Molecular Clouds."
The Astrophysical Journal
695
94-100
[10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/94]
Sonnentrucker, P., D. A. Neufeld, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 2008. "Fully Sampled Maps of Ices and Silicates in Front of Cepheus A East with Spitzer."
The Astrophysical Journal
672
361-370
[10.1086/523790]
Whittet, D. C., S. S. Shenoy, E. A. Bergin, et al. 2007. "The abundance of carbon dioxide ice in the quiescent intracloud medium."
The Astrophysical Journal
655
(1):
332-341
[10.1086/509772]
Abbas, M. M., D. Tankosic, P. D. Craven, et al. 2006. "Photoelectric Emission Measurements on the Analogs of Individual Cosmic Dust Grains."
The Astrophysical Journal
645
(1):
324-336
[10.1086/504281]
Bergin, E. A., G. J. Melnick, P. A. Gerakines, D. A. Neufeld, and D. C. Whittet. 2005. "Spitzer Observations of CO2 Ice Towards Field Stars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud."
The Astrophysical Journal
627
(1):
L33-L36
[10.1086/431932]
Gerakines, P. A., J. J. Bray, A. Davis, and C. R. Richey. 2005. "The Strengths of Near-Infrared Absorption Features Relevant to Interstellar and Planetary ices."
The Astrophysical Journal
620
(2):
1140-1150
[10.1086/427166]
Gerakines, P. A., M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson. 2004. "Ultraviolet Photolysis and Proton Irradiation of Astrophysical Ice Analogs Containing Hydrogen Cyanide."
Icarus
170
(1):
202-213
[10.1016/j.icarus.2004.02.005]
Nummelin, A., D. C. Whittet, E. L. Gibb, P. A. Gerakines, and J. E. Chiar. 2001. "Solid Carbon Dioxide in Regions of Low-Mass Star Formation."
The Astrophysical Journal
558
(1):
185-193
[10.1086/322480]
Hudson, R. L., M. H. Moore, and P. A. Gerakines. 2001. "The Formation of Cyanate Ion (OCN-) in Interstellar Ice Analogs."
The Astrophysical Journal
550
(2):
1140-1150
[10.1086/319799]
Moore, M. H., R. L. Hudson, and P. A. Gerakines. 2001. "Mid- and Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of the Influence of Temperature, Ultraviolet Photolysis, and Ion Irradiation on Cosmic-Type Ices."
Spectrochimica Acta A
57
(4):
843-858
[10.1016/S1386-1425(00)00448-0]
Whittet, D. C., P. A. Gerakines, J. H. Hough, and S. S. Shenoy. 2001. "Interstellar Extinction and Polarization in the Taurus Dark Clouds: The Optical Properties of Dust near the Diffuse/Dense Cloud Interface."
The Astrophysical Journal
547
(2):
872-884
[10.1086/318421]
Gerakines, P. A., M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson. 2001. "Energetic Processing of Laboratory Ice Analogs: UV Photolysis vs. Ion Bombardment."
Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
106
(E12):
33381-33386
[10.1029/2000JE001320]
Wdowiak, T. J., P. A. Gerakines, D. G. Agresti, and S. J. Clemett. 2001. "Technology Considerations Relevant to an Exobiology Surface-Science Approach for Europa."
Astrobiology
1
467-476
Gerakines, P. A., and M. H. Moore. 2001. "Carbon Suboxide in Astrophysical Ice Analogs."
Icarus
154
372-380
Gibb, E. L., D. C. Whittet, W. A. Schutte, et al. 2000. "An Inventory of Interstellar Ices toward the Embedded Protostar W33A."
The Astrophysical Journal
536
(1):
347-356
[10.1086/308940]
Gerakines, P. A., M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson. 2000. "Carbonic Acid Production in H2O:CO2 ices UV Photolysis vs Proton Bombardment."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
357
793-800
Boogert, A. C., P. Ehrenfreund, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 2000. "ISO-SWS Observations of Interstellar Solid 13CO2: Heated Ice and the Galactic 12C/13C Abundance Ratio."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
353
(1):
349-362
[10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9909477]
Gerakines, P. A., D. C. Whittet, P. Ehrenfreund, et al. 1999. "Observations of Solid Carbon Dioxide in Molecular Clouds with the Infrared Space Observatory."
The Astrophysical Journal
522
(1):
357-377
[10.1086/307611]
Schutte, W. A., A. C. Boogert, A. G. Tielens, et al. 1999. "Weak Ice Absorption Features in the Spectrum of the Obscured Young Stellar Object W33 A."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
343
966-976
Vandenbussche, B., P. Enhrenfreund, A. C. Boogert, et al. 1999. "Constraints on the Abundance of Solid O2 in Dense Clouds from ISO-SWS and Ground-Based Observations
."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
346
L57-L60
Ehrenfreund, P., O. Kerkhof, W. A. Schutte, et al. 1999. "Laboratory Studies of Thermally Processed H2O-CH3OH-CO2 Ice Mixtures and their Astrophysical Implications."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
350
240?253
Chiar, J. E., P. A. Gerakines, D. C. Whittet, et al. 1998. "Processing of Icy Mantles in Protostellar Envelopes."
The Astrophysical Journal
498
(2):
716-727
[10.1086/305569]
Whittet, D. C., P. A. Gerakines, A. G. Tielens, et al. 1998. "Detection of Abundant CO2 Ice in the Quiescent Dark Cloud Medium toward Elias 16."
The Astrophysical Journal
498
L159-L163
Whittet, D. C., A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 1997. "Infrared Spectroscopy of Dust in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium toward Cygnus OB2 No 12."
The Astrophysical Journal
490
(2):
729-734
[10.1086/304914]
Whittet, D. C., T. Prusti, G. A. Franco, et al. 1997. "On the Distance to the Chamaeleon I and II Associations."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
327
1194-1205
Ehrenfreund, P., A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, A. G. Tielens, and E. F. van Dishoeck. 1997. "Infrared Spectroscopy of Interstellar Apolar Ice Analogs."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
328
649-669
Schutte, W. A., P. A. Gerakines, T. R. Geballe, E. F. van Dishoeck, and J. M. Greenberg. 1996. "Discovery of Solid Formaldehyde toward the Protostar GL 2136: Observations and Laboratory Simulation."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
309
633-647
Ehrenfreund, P., P. A. Gerakines, W. A. Schutte, M. C. van Hemert, and E. F. van Dsihoeck. 1996. "Infrared Properties of Isolated Water Ice."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
312
263-274
Gerakines, P. A., W. A. Schutte, and P. Ehrenfreund. 1996. "Ultraviolet Processing of Interstellar Ice Analogs: Pure Ices."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
312
289-305
Ehrenfreund, P., A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 1996. "A Laboratory Database of Solid CO and CO2 for ISO."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
315
L341-L344
de Graauw, T., D. C. Whittet, P. A. Gerakines, et al. 1996. "SWS Observations of Solid CO2 in Molecular Clouds."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
315
L345-L348
van Dishoeck, E. F., F. P. Helmich, T. de Graauw, et al. 1996. "A Search for Interstellar Gas-phase CO2 - Gas:Solid-State Abundance Ratios."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
315
L349-L352
Whittet, D. C., W. A. Schutte, A. G. Tielens, et al. 1996. "An ISO-SWS View of Interstellar Ices: First Results."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
315
L357-L360
Gerakines, P. A., D. C. Whittet, and A. Lazarian. 1995. "Grain Alignment in the Taurus Dark Cloud."
The Astrophysical Journal
455
L171-L175
[10.1086/309828]
Greenberg, J. M., A. Li, C. X. Mendoza-Gomez, et al. 1995. "Approaching the Interstellar Grain Organic Refractory Component."
The Astrophysical Journal
455
L177-L180
[10.1086/309834]
Schutte, W. A., and P. A. Gerakines. 1995. "Recent Results from the Leiden Observatory Laboratory: (a) Band Strengths in Mixed Ices; (b) UV Photolysis of Solid Methanol."
Planetary & Space Science
43
(10):
1253-1256
[10.1016/0032-0633(95)00011-S]
Gerakines, P. A., and D. C. Whittet. 1995. "A Review of Interstellar Polarization Properties and Recent Measurements toward the Chamaeleon I and Taurus Dark Clouds."
Planetary & Space Science
43
(10):
1325-1328
[10.1016/0032-0633(95)00027-3]
Greenberg, J. M., O. M. Shalabiea, C. X. Mendoza-Gomez, W. Schutte, and P. A. Gerakines. 1995. "Origin of Organic Matter in the Protosolar Nebula and in Comets."
Advances in Space Research
16
(2):
9-16
[10.1016/0273-1177(95)00186-I]
Gerakines, P. A., W. A. Schutte, J. M. Greenberg, and E. F. van Dishoeck. 1995. "The Infrared Band Strengths of H2O, CO, and CO2 in Laboratory Simulations of Astrophysical Ice Mixtures."
Astronomy & Astrophysics
296
810-818
Whittet, D. C., P. A. Gerakines, A. L. Carkner, et al. 1994. "A Study of the Chamaeleon-I Dark Cloud and T-Association - Part VI - Interstellar Polarization, Grain Alignment, and Magnetic Field."
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
268
(1):
1-12
[10.1093/mnras/268.1.1]
.jpg)
